Collection of Chinese sayings, stories, and teachings ascribed to Lieh Tzu who, if he existed, lived in China around the 4th century BC. The book reflects early Taoist philosophical notions of the 4th–3rd centuries BC (see Taoism). The text stresses the Tao as the supreme origin of all existence and takes a hostile stance to Confucianism. Lieh Tzu is the third major figure in philosophical Taoism, after Lao Zi and Chuang Tzu.